Add memory barriers

Fix gem5 bare metal svg
Fix layout slide
2024-04-09 22:20:47 +02:00 · 2024-04-09 22:19:10 +02:00 · 2024-04-09 16:13:37 +02:00 · 2024-04-09 16:10:45 +02:00 · 2024-04-07 22:41:59 +02:00 · 2024-04-07 21:21:40 +02:00
39 changed files with 73158 additions and 12443 deletions
--- a/drawings/.$gemv.drawio.bkp
+++ b/drawings/.$gemv.drawio.bkp
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
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--- a/drawings/convolution.drawio
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--- a/package-lock.json
+++ b/package-lock.json
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -10,10 +10,8 @@
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    "@slidev/cli": "^0.48.8",
    "@slidev/theme-default": "latest",
-    "@slidev/theme-seriph": "latest",
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    "slidev-theme-academic": "^1.3.0",
-    "slidev-theme-geist": "^0.8.1",
    "vue": "^3.4.21"
  },
  "devDependencies": {
--- a/public/bare_metal.svg
+++ b/public/bare_metal.svg
--- a/public/cnn_filter.svg
+++ b/public/cnn_filter.svg
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
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--- a/public/cnn_input.svg
+++ b/public/cnn_input.svg
--- a/public/complete_layout.svg
+++ b/public/complete_layout.svg
--- a/public/dnn.svg
+++ b/public/dnn.svg
--- a/public/dramsys.svg
+++ b/public/dramsys.svg
@@ -1791,9 +1791,9 @@
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--- a/public/gemv.svg
+++ b/public/gemv.svg
--- a/public/gemv_0.svg
+++ b/public/gemv_0.svg
--- a/public/gemv_1.svg
+++ b/public/gemv_1.svg
--- a/public/gemv_2.svg
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--- a/public/gemv_3.svg
+++ b/public/gemv_3.svg
--- a/public/gemv_4.svg
+++ b/public/gemv_4.svg
--- a/public/gemv_interleaved.svg
+++ b/public/gemv_interleaved.svg
--- a/public/gemv_normal.svg
+++ b/public/gemv_normal.svg
--- a/public/layout_old.svg
+++ b/public/layout_old.svg
--- a/public/pim_positions_0.svg
+++ b/public/pim_positions_0.svg
--- a/public/pim_positions_1.svg
+++ b/public/pim_positions_1.svg
--- a/public/pim_positions_2.svg
+++ b/public/pim_positions_2.svg
--- a/public/pim_positions_3.svg
+++ b/public/pim_positions_3.svg
--- a/public/pim_positions_4.svg
+++ b/public/pim_positions_4.svg
--- a/public/pu.svg
+++ b/public/pu.svg
@@ -4,11 +4,33 @@
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   version="1.1"
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+   sodipodi:docname="pu.svg"
+   inkscape:version="1.3.2 (091e20ef0f, 2023-11-25, custom)"
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--- a/public/samsung.svg
+++ b/public/samsung.svg
--- a/public/speedup_inf.svg
+++ b/public/speedup_inf.svg
--- a/public/speedup_inf_old.svg
+++ b/public/speedup_inf_old.svg
--- a/public/speedup_normal.svg
+++ b/public/speedup_normal.svg
--- a/slides.md
+++ b/slides.md
@@ -14,12 +14,17 @@ addons:
  - slidev-addon-citations
 biblio:
  filename: references.bib
+record: true
 ---

 ### Master Thesis

 # System-Level Integration and Exploration of PIM-DRAM

+<!--
+- results of master thesis
+-->
+
 ---
 src: ./slides/introduction.md
 ---
@@ -36,9 +41,17 @@ src: ./slides/implementation.md
 src: ./slides/simulations.md
 ---

+---
+src: ./slides/conclusion.md
+---
+
 ---
 layout: end
 ---

 # Thank you for your attention
-<hr/>
+<hr/>
+
+---
+src: ./slides/appendix.md
+---
--- a/slides/appendix.md
+++ b/slides/appendix.md
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+---
+layout: figure
+figureUrl: /layout.svg
+figureCaption: Mapping of the weight matrix onto the memory banks
+---
+
+## Appendix
+### Memory Layout
+<hr/>
+
+<!--
+- Data layout in program and address mapping must match
+-->
--- a/slides/conclusion.md
+++ b/slides/conclusion.md
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+## Conclusion and Future Work
+<hr/>
+
+<br>
+<br>
+
+- PIM can accelerate memory-bound workloads
+- Special PIM-friendly memory layouts are required
+
+<br>
+
+#### Future work:
+  - Simulate multiple channels
+  - Implementation of Linux driver
+    - Comparison with complete neural networks
+  - Consider replacing library approach with compiler approach
+  - Implement a power model to analyze the power efficiency gains
--- a/slides/implementation.md
+++ b/slides/implementation.md
@@ -1,57 +1,59 @@
---
-layout: figure
-figureUrl: /dramsys.svg
-figureCaption: The PIM-HBM model integrated into DRAMSys
---
-
 ## Virtual Prototype
 ### Processing Units
 <hr/>

+<br>
+
+- Integrate DRAMSys into gem5
+- Implement PIM-HBM virtual prototype in DRAM model
+
+<br>
+
+<div class="flex justify-center items-center">
+<img src="/dramsys.svg">
+</div>
+
+<!--
+- VP interprets the programmed microkernel
+  - not yet drop-in replacement
+-->
+
 ---
 layout: figure-side
 figureUrl: /data_structures.svg
-figureCaption: The PIM-HBM model integrated into DRAMSys
+figureCaption: Data structures for instructions and register files
 ---

 ## Virtual Prototype
 ### Software Library
 <hr/>

+<br>
 <br>
 <br>

- Software support library written in Rust
- Provides data structures for PIM-HBM
-  - Adhering special memory layout requirements
+#### Software support library
+
+<br>
+
+- Provides data structures for operand data and microkernels
 - Executes programmed microkernels
+  - Generate RD and WR requests
+  - Insert memory barriers for synchronization

---
-layout: figure-side
-figureUrl: /bare_metal.svg
 ---

 ## Virtual Prototype
-### Platform
+### GEMV Kernel
 <hr/>

-<br>
 <br>

- Bare-metal kernel executes on ARM processor model
- Custom page table configuration
-  - Non-PIM DRAM region mapped as cacheable memory
-  - PIM DRAM region mapped as non-cacheable memory
+<div class="grid grid-cols-2 gap-4">
+<div>

---
-
-<hr/>
-
-<br>
-<br>
-GEMV Microkernel
-
-```asm{none|1-8|9,10|11|all}{lines:true}
+DRAM-side
+```asm{all|1-8|9,10|11|12}{lines:true,at:1}
 MOV GRF_A #0, BANK
 MOV GRF_A #1, BANK
 MOV GRF_A #2, BANK
@@ -66,3 +68,72 @@ FILL BANK, GRF_B #0
 EXIT
 ```

+</div>
+<div>
+
+<style>
+code {
+  font-size: 8px
+}
+</style>
+
+Host-side
+
+```rust {all|7-10|12-17|22-28|30-31}{lines:true,maxHeight:'15em',at:1}
+pub fn execute<const X16R: usize, const X16C: usize, const R: usize>(
+    matrix: &Matrix<X16R, X16C>,
+    input_vector: &Vector<X16C>,
+    output_partial_sum_vector: &mut SVector<F16x16, R>,
+    dummy: &impl PimOperand,
+) {
+    // Load input vector into GRF-A registers
+    for chunk in input_vector.0.iter() {
+        chunk.execute_read();
+    }
+
+    // Execute the MAC instructions without memory barriers
+    for sub_matrix in matrix.0.iter() {
+        for column_block in sub_matrix.fixed_rows::<1>(0).iter() {
+            column_block.execute_read_async();
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Verify all memory accesses have finished
+    barrier::dsb(barrier::SY);
+
+    // Copy the partial sums into the bank
+    for chunk in output_partial_sum_vector
+        .fixed_rows_with_step_mut::<X16R>(0, 16)
+        .iter_mut()
+    {
+        chunk.execute_write();
+    }
+
+    // Execute the EXIT instruction
+    dummy.execute_read();
+}
+```
+</div>
+</div>
+
+---
+layout: figure-side
+figureUrl: /bare_metal.svg
+---
+
+## Virtual Prototype
+### Platform
+<hr/>
+
+<br>
+<br>
+
+- ARM processor model
+- Bare-metal kernel
+- Custom page table configuration
+  - Non-PIM DRAM region mapped as cacheable memory
+  - PIM DRAM region mapped as non-cacheable memory
+
+<!--
+- bare metal offers most control
+-->
--- a/slides/introduction.md
+++ b/slides/introduction.md
@@ -1,33 +1,56 @@
---
-layout: figure
-figureUrl: /world_energy.svg
-figureCaption: Total energy of computing
-figureFootnoteNumber: 1
---
-
 ## Introduction
 ### Energy Demand of Applications
 <hr/>

+
+- Total compute energy approaches world's energy production
+
+  --> Drastic improvements in energy efficiency needed
+
+<div class="flex justify-center">
+<img src="/world_energy.svg">
+</div>
+
 <Footnotes separator>
-  <Footnote :number=1>
+  <Footnote>
  SRC. „Decadal Plan for Semiconductors“, Januar 2021. https://www.src.org/about/decadal-plan/.
-</Footnote>
+  </Footnote>
 </Footnotes>

---
-layout: figure
-figureUrl: /gpt.svg
-figureCaption: Roofline model of GPT revisions
-figureFootnoteNumber: 1
+<!--
+- compute 2x every two years
+- energy production 2% per year
+
+- to meet future compute demands, drastic improvements in energy efficiency
+-->
+
 ---

 ## Introduction
 ### Memory Bound Workloads
 <hr/>

+- AI applications become increasingly memory-bound
+
+  --> Instead of bringing the data to the processing, bring the processing to the data
+
+<br>
+
+<div class="flex justify-center">
+<img src="/gpt.svg">
+</div>
+
 <Footnotes separator>
-  <Footnote :number=1>
+  <Footnote>
  Ivo Bolsens. „Scalable AI Architectures for Edge and Cloud“, 2023.
-</Footnote>
+  </Footnote>
 </Footnotes>
+
+<!--
+- Emerging AI applications become increasingly memory-bound
+- Roofline model
+- Not limited by compute power but by memory
+- researchers begin to consider PIM to circumvent memory bottleneck
+
+- (drastically more parameters in GPT-3, operational intensity goes down)
+-->
--- a/slides/pim.md
+++ b/slides/pim.md
@@ -1,19 +1,80 @@
+## Processing-in-Memory
+### Applicable Workloads
+<hr/>
+
+- Fully connected layers have a large weight matrix
+  - Weight matrix does not fit onto on-chip cache
+  - No data reuse in the matrix
+
+<div class="flex justify-center">
+<img src="/dnn.svg">
+</div>
+
 ---
-layout: figure
-figureUrl: /dnn.svg
-figureCaption: A fully connected DNN layer
-figureFootnoteNumber: 1
+preload: false
+clicks: 1
 ---

 ## Processing-in-Memory
 ### Applicable Workloads
 <hr/>

-<Footnotes separator>
-  <Footnote :number=1>
-  He et al. „Newton: A DRAM-maker’s Accelerator-in-Memory (AiM) Architecture for Machine Learning“, 2020.
-</Footnote>
-</Footnotes>
+- Convolutional layers have a small filter matrix
+  - Matrix does fit onto on-chip cache
+  - Excessive data reuse in the matrix
+
+<br>
+
+<Transform :scale="1.4">
+  <div class="absolute left-175px top-1px">
+    <img src="/cnn_input.svg">
+  </div>
+  <div v-if="$slidev.nav.clicks === 0" class="absolute left-175px">
+    <img src="/cnn_filter.svg">
+  </div>
+  <div v-if="$slidev.nav.clicks === 1"
+  v-motion
+  :initial="{ x: 175, y: 0}"
+  :enter="{ x: 335, y: 0, transition: { duration: 5000 }}">
+    <img src="/cnn_filter.svg">
+  </div>
+</Transform>
+
+---
+
+## Processing-in-Memory
+### Applicable Workloads
+<hr/>
+
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+
+<div class="grid grid-cols-2 gap-4">
+<div>
+
+### Suitable candidates for PIM:
+
+<br>
+
+ - Fully connected layers in multilayer perceptrons (MLPs)
+ - Layers in recurrent neural networks (RNNs)
+
+</div>
+<div>
+
+### Less suitable candidates for PIM:
+
+<br>
+
+   - Convolutional neural networks (CNNs)
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<!--
+To summarize...
+-->

 ---

@@ -24,112 +85,160 @@ figureFootnoteNumber: 1
 <br>
 <br>

-Possible placements of compute logic<sup>1</sup>:
+<div class="grid grid-cols-2 gap-4">
+<div>

 <v-clicks>

 - Inside the memory subarray
- In the PSA region near a subarray
- Outside the bank in its peripheral region
+- Near the subarray in the PSA output region
+- Near the bank in its peripheral region
 - In the I/O region of the memory

 </v-clicks>

+</div>
+<div>
+
+<img v-click="[0,1]" class="absolute right-80px top-150px" src="/pim_positions_0.svg">
+<img v-click="[1,2]" class="absolute right-80px top-150px" src="/pim_positions_1.svg">
+<img v-click="[2,3]" class="absolute right-80px top-150px" src="/pim_positions_2.svg">
+<img v-click="[3,4]" class="absolute right-80px top-150px" src="/pim_positions_3.svg">
+<img v-click="4" class="absolute right-80px top-150px" src="/pim_positions_4.svg">
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
 <br>

 <div v-click class="text-xl"> The nearer the computation is to the memory cells, the higher the achievable bandwidth! </div>

 <Footnotes separator>
-  <Footnote :number=1>
+  <Footnote>
  Sudarshan et al. „A Critical Assessment of DRAM-PIM Architectures - Trends, Challenges and Solutions“, 2022.
 </Footnote>
 </Footnotes>

---
-layout: figure
-figureUrl: /hbm-pim.svg
-figureCaption: Architecture of PIM-HBM
-figureFootnoteNumber: 1
---
-
-## Processing-in-Memory
-### Samsung's HBM-PIM
-<hr/>
-
-<Footnotes separator>
-  <Footnote :number=1>
-  Lee et al. „Hardware Architecture and Software Stack for PIM Based on Commercial DRAM Technology : Industrial Product“, 2021.
-</Footnote>
-</Footnotes>
-
 <!--
- Real-world PIM implementation based on HBM2
- SIMD FPUs are 16-wide, i.e., there are 16 FPU units
- Three execution modes
-    - Single-Bank (SB)
-    - All-Bank (AB)
-    - All-Bank-PIM (AB-PIM)
+- Architecture space of PIM:
+- Inside the memory SA
+  - simple bulk logic
+    
+- Near SA in PSA output region
+  - logic gates in the region
+  
+- Near a bank in its peripheral region
+  - computation units with control
+  
+- I/O region of memory
+  - limited by memory bus
 -->

---
-layout: figure
-figureUrl: /pu.svg
-figureCaption: Architecture of a PIM processing unit
-figureFootnoteNumber: 1
 ---

 ## Processing-in-Memory
-### Samsung's HBM-PIM
+### Samsung's PIM-HBM
 <hr/>

+
+<br>
+
+- Real-world PIM implementation based on HBM2
+- PIM units embedded at the bank level
+
+<br>
+
+
+<div class="flex justify-center items-center">
+<img src="/hbm-pim.svg">
+</div>
+
 <Footnotes separator>
-  <Footnote :number=1>
+  <Footnote>
+  Lee et al. „Hardware Architecture and Software Stack for PIM Based on Commercial DRAM Technology : Industrial Product“, 2021.
+</Footnote>
+</Footnotes>
+
+<!--
+- One PIM unit shared by two banks
+- 16-wide SIMD FPUs are 16-wide
+- All-Bank mode: All PIM units operate in parallel
+-->
+
+---
+
+## Processing-in-Memory
+### Samsung's PIM-HBM | Processing Unit
+<hr/>
+
+<br>
+
+- Two 16-wide 16-bit FPUs
+- Register files and control unit
+
+<br>
+
+#### Instructions:
+- Control: NOP, JUMP, EXIT
+- Data: MOV (ReLU), FILL
+- Arithmetic: ADD, MUL, MAC, MAD 
+
+<img class="absolute right-80px top-180px" src="/pu.svg">
+
+<Footnotes separator>
+  <Footnote>
  Lee et al. „Hardware Architecture and Software Stack for PIM Based on Commercial DRAM Technology : Industrial Product“, 2021.
 </Footnote>
 </Footnotes>

 <!--
- Control unit executes RISC instructions
 - Two SIMD FPUs
  - ADD
  - MUL

- CRF: 32 32-bit entries (32 instructions)
- GRF: 16 256-bit entries
- SRF: 16 16-bit entries
+- CRF: 32 instructions, stores the program
+- GRF: 16 entries, one memory fetch
+- SRF: 16 entries

- One instruction is executed when RD or WR command is issued
+- Control units executes one instruction when RD or WR command is issued
 -->

 ---
-layout: figure
-figureUrl: /gemv.svg
-figureCaption: Procedure to perform a (128×8)×(128) GEMV operation
-figureFootnoteNumber: 1
+
+## Processing-in-Memory
+### Samsung's PIM-HBM | GEMV Operation
+<hr/>
+
+<img v-click="[0,1]" class="absolute right-125px top-150px" src="/gemv_normal.svg">
+<img v-click="1"     class="absolute right-10px top-150px" src="/gemv_interleaved.svg">
+
 ---

 ## Processing-in-Memory
-### Samsung's HBM-PIM
+### Samsung's PIM-HBM | GEMV Operation
 <hr/>

+<img v-click="[0,1]" class="absolute right-250px top-150px" src="/gemv.svg">
+<img v-click="[1,2]" class="absolute right-250px top-150px" src="/gemv_0.svg">
+<img v-click="[2,3]" class="absolute right-250px top-150px" src="/gemv_1.svg">
+<img v-click="[3,4]" class="absolute right-250px top-150px" src="/gemv_2.svg">
+<img v-click="[4,5]" class="absolute right-250px top-150px" src="/gemv_3.svg">
+<img v-click="5"     class="absolute right-250px top-150px" src="/gemv_4.svg">
+
 <Footnotes separator>
-  <Footnote :number=1>
-  Lee et al. „Hardware Architecture and Software Stack for PIM Based on Commercial DRAM Technology : Industrial Product“, 2021.
+  <Footnote>
+  Kang et al. „An FPGA-Based RNN-T Inference Accelerator with PIM-HBM“, 2022.
 </Footnote>
 </Footnotes>

---
-layout: figure
-figureUrl: /layout.svg
-figureCaption: Mapping of the weight matrix onto the memory banks
---
-
-## Processing-in-Memory
-### Samsung's HBM-PIM
-<hr/>
-
 <!--
- Data layout in program and address mapping must match
+- Procedure of GEMV operation
+- multiple cycles
+- each PIM unit operatates on one matrix row
+- partial sum, reduced by host
 -->

 ---
@@ -138,6 +247,14 @@ figureCaption: Mapping of the weight matrix onto the memory banks
 ### Research
 <hr/>

-simulation models needed
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>

-research should not only focus on hardware but also explore the software side!
+- To analyze the performance gains of PIM, simulations are needed 
+- Research should not only focus on hardware but also explore the programmability
+
+<br>
+
+- In the following, a virtual prototype of PIM-HBM is implemented
--- a/slides/simulations.md
+++ b/slides/simulations.md
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 ### Microbenchmarks
 <hr/>

-<br>
 <br>

 <div class="grid grid-cols-2 gap-4">
@@ -15,11 +14,16 @@

 - Vector-Matrix benchmarks (BLAS level 2)
    - GEMV: $z = A \cdot x$
-    - DNN Layer: $z = ReLU(A \cdot x)$
+    - Simple DNN:
+      - $f(x) = z = ReLU(A \cdot x)$
+      - $z_{n+1} = f(z_n)$
+      - 5 layers in total

 </div>
 <div>

+<br>
+
 | Level | Vector | GEMV          | DNN           |
 |-------|--------|---------------|---------------|
 | X1    | (2M)   | (1024 x 4096) | (256 x 256)   |
@@ -27,12 +31,125 @@
 | X3    | (8M)   | (4096 x 8192) | (1024 x 1024) |
 | X4    | (16M)  | (4096 x 8192) | (2048 x 2048) |

+Operand Dimensions
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<!--
+- operand data significantly larger than on-chip cache
+-->
+
+---
+
+## Simulations
+### System Configuration
+<hr/>
+
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+
+<div class="grid grid-cols-2 gap-4">
+<div>
+
+#### Two simulated systems:
+
+<br>
+
+- Generic ARM system
+- Infinite compute system
+  - unrealistic frequency of 100 GHz
+  - completely memory bound
+  - lower bound of possible speedup
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+
+<br>
+
+#### Two real GPUs using HBM2:
+
+<br>
+
+- AMD RX Vega 56
+- NVIDIA Tesla V100
+
 </div>
 </div>

 ---
 layout: figure
-figureUrl: /dnn.svg
-figureCaption: A fully connected DNN layer
-figureFootnoteNumber: 1
+figureUrl: /speedup_normal.svg
+figureCaption: Speedups of PIM compared to non-PIM
 ---
+
+## Simulations
+### Speedups / Generic ARM System
+<hr/>
+
+---
+layout: figure
+figureUrl: /speedup_inf.svg
+figureCaption: Speedups of PIM compared to non-PIM
+---
+
+## Simulations
+### Speedups / Infinite Compute System
+<hr/>
+
+<!--
+- VADD: 12.7x
+- GEMV: 9.0x
+-->
+
+---
+layout: figure
+figureUrl: /samsung.svg
+figureCaption: Speedups of Samsung for VADD and GEMV
+---
+
+## Simulations
+### Speedups / Samsung
+<hr/>
+
+<Footnotes separator>
+  <Footnote>
+  Lee et al. „Hardware Architecture and Software Stack for PIM Based on Commercial DRAM Technology : Industrial Product“, 2021.
+</Footnote>
+</Footnotes>
+
+<!--
+- GEMV matches good
+- ADD shows deviation
+
+-> differences in hardware architecture
+- GPU has no speculative execution
+-->
+
+---
+layout: figure
+figureUrl: /runtimes_vector.svg
+figureCaption: Runtimes for Vector Benchmarks
+---
+
+## Simulations
+### Runtimes / Vector Benchmarks
+<hr/>
+
+<!--
+- Real GPUs use multiple memory channels
+- Memory barriers
+- Also architectural differences
+-->
+
+---
+layout: figure
+figureUrl: /runtimes_matrix.svg
+figureCaption: Runtimes for Matrix Benchmarks
+---
+
+## Simulations
+### Runtimes / Matrix Benchmarks
+<hr/>
--- a/yarn.lock
+++ b/yarn.lock
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
Derek Christ	9068c94464	Add memory barriers	2024-04-09 22:20:47 +02:00
Derek Christ	a0ad7ad174	Fix gem5 bare metal svg	2024-04-09 22:19:10 +02:00
Derek Christ	d6cd6a67f9	Fix layout slide	2024-04-09 16:13:37 +02:00
Derek Christ	6acaf838be	Further changes	2024-04-09 16:10:45 +02:00
Derek Christ	d634f97fb2	Minor changes	2024-04-07 22:41:59 +02:00
Derek Christ	3d15758c82	Refactor presentation	2024-04-07 21:21:40 +02:00
Derek Christ	56226ebf41	Add new pictures for architectures	2024-04-07 16:09:20 +02:00
Derek Christ	39ae2f6969	New fully-connected image	2024-04-07 13:51:11 +02:00
Derek Christ	1e5256dc99	Add CNN slide	2024-04-06 10:01:24 +02:00
Derek Christ	b38406a36f	Grundgerüst steht	2024-04-03 23:14:06 +02:00