DRAM chapter up to DIMMs

src/acronyms.tex

@@ -46,6 +46,10 @@
     short = PIM,
     long = processing-in-memory,
 }
+\DeclareAcronym{1t1c}{
+    short = 1T1C,
+    long = {one-transistor, one-capacitor},
+}
 \DeclareAcronym{subarray}{
     short = SA,
     long = subarray,
@@ -55,7 +59,7 @@
     long = local wordline,
 }
 \DeclareAcronym{lbl}{
-    short = LWL,
+    short = LBL,
     long = local bitline,
 }
 \DeclareAcronym{mwl}{
@@ -63,7 +67,7 @@
     long = master wordline,
 }
 \DeclareAcronym{mbl}{
-    short = MWL,
+    short = MBL,
     long = master bitline,
 }
 \DeclareAcronym{psa}{
@@ -78,6 +82,50 @@
     short = CSL,
     long = column select line,
 }
+\DeclareAcronym{bl}{
+    short = BL,
+    long = burst length,
+}
+\DeclareAcronym{we}{
+    short = WE,
+    long = write enable,
+}
+\DeclareAcronym{io}{
+    short = I/O,
+    long = input/output,
+}
+\DeclareAcronym{ddr}{
+    short = DDR,
+    long = double data rate,
+}
+\DeclareAcronym{dimm}{
+    short = DIMM,
+    long = dual in-line memory module,
+}
+\DeclareAcronym{pcb}{
+    short = PCB,
+    long = printed circuit board,
+}
+\DeclareAcronym{mpsoc}{
+    short = MPSoC,
+    long = Multiprocessor System on Chip,
+}
+\DeclareAcronym{act}{
+    short = ACT,
+    long = activate,
+}
+\DeclareAcronym{pre}{
+    short = PRE,
+    long = precharge,
+}
+\DeclareAcronym{rd}{
+    short = RD,
+    long = read,
+}
+\DeclareAcronym{wr}{
+    short = WR,
+    long = write,
+}
 \DeclareAcronym{tlm}{
     short = TLM,
     long = transaction level modeling,

src/chapters/dram.tex

@@ -7,18 +7,19 @@ In particular, the architecture of \ac{hbm} will be discussed, since it is the \
 \subsection{DRAM Basics}
 \label{sec:dram_basics}
 
-A \ac{dram} is a special type of \ac{ram} that uses a single transistor-capacitor pair as a memory cell to encode exactly one bit \cite{jacob2008}.
+A \ac{dram} is a special type of \ac{ram} that uses a \ac{1t1c} cell as a memory cell to store a single bit of data \cite{jacob2008}.
-Since a capacitor holds electrical charge, it is a volatile type of storage and the bit value it represents eventually vanishes over time as the stored charge is leaked.
+Because a capacitor holds electrical charge, it is a volatile form of storage, and the bit value it represents will eventually vanish over time as the stored charge is leaked.
 To circumvent this, regular \textit{refresh} operations are required, involving reading and rewriting the stored value, making this storage method \textit{dynamic}.
-A typical \ac{dram} device consists of several banks, which are themselves composed of a set of \textit{memory arrays}, which in turn are composed of multiple \acp{subarray}.
+A typical \ac{dram} device consists of several \textit{banks}, which are themselves composed of a set of \textit{memory arrays}.
-Banks operate independently of each other, while the memory arrays of each bank operate in lockstep mode to form the per-device data word, with the number of data bits equal to the number of memory arrays per bank.
+The banks can be controlled independently of each other, while the memory arrays of each bank operate in lockstep mode to form the per-device data word, with the number of data bits equal to the number of memory arrays per bank.
-The \acp{subarray} are grid-like structures composed of \acp{lwl} and \acp{lbl}, with a storage cell at each intersection point.
+Memory arrays, in turn, are composed of multiple \acp{subarray}.
+\Acp{subarray} are grid-like structures composed of \acp{lwl} and \acp{lbl}, with a storage cell at each intersection point.
 The \ac{lwl} is connected to the transistor's gate, switching it on and off, while the \ac{lbl} is used to access the stored value.
 Global \acp{mwl} and \acp{mbl} span over all \acp{subarray}, forming complete \textit{rows} and \textit{columns} of a memory array. 
 
-Because the charge stored in each cell is very small, so-called \acp{psa} are needed to amplify the stored voltage of each cell while it is being connected to the shared \ac{lbl} \cite{jacob2008}, illustrated in figure \ref{img:psa}.
+Because the charge stored in each cell is very small, so-called \acp{psa} are needed to amplify the voltage of each cell while it is being connected to the shared \ac{lbl} \cite{jacob2008}, basic structure of which is illustrated in Figure \ref{img:psa}.
 
-\begin{figure}[!ht]
+\begin{figure}
 	\centering
 	\includegraphics{images/psa}
 	\caption[\ac{psa} of an open bitline architecture]{\ac{psa} of an open bitline architecture \cite{jacob2008} \cite{jung2017a}}
@@ -26,18 +27,36 @@ Because the charge stored in each cell is very small, so-called \acp{psa} are ne
 \end{figure}
 
 However, before a value can be read, the \ac{psa} needs to \textit{precharge} its bitline to a halfway voltage $\frac{V_{DD}}{2}$ between 0 and $V_{DD}$.
-When the capacitor is then connected to the bitline, it pushes the voltage level marginally in one direction, enough for the \ac{psa} to detect the voltage difference to an adjacent bitline in another \ac{subarray} and amplifies the voltage level all the way to high or low.
+When the selected wordline is then activated, the charge from the capacitor flows to the bitline and pushes the voltage level slightly in one direction.
+The \ac{psa} compares the changed voltage level with an adjacent bitline in another \ac{subarray} and amplifies that difference all the way to a high or low level.
 
-The process of loading the stored value into the \ac{psa} is done for all columns at the same time and is called \textit{row activation}.
+The process of loading the stored values into the \acp{psa} is done for all columns of a row at once and is called \textit{row activation}.
-Once a row is activated, it is referred to as \textit{open} and following from a  
+Once a row is activated, it can be read from or written to with a certain access granularity determined by the \ac{bl} of the memory.
-% \ac{csl}
+To perform such a burst access, the \acp{csl} of a set of \acp{psa} must be enabled, connecting them to the more powerful \acp{ssa} that drive the actual bank \ac{io}.
+Depending on the \ac{we} signal, the \acp{ssa} either sense and amplify the logic value of the \acp{psa}, or they overwrite it using the \textit{write drivers}.
+The Figure \ref{img:bank} summarizes the basic architecture of a single storage device consisting of a number of banks that has been discussed so far.
 
-\begin{figure}[!ht]
+\begin{figure}
 	\centering
 	\includegraphics{images/bank}
-	\caption[]{\cite{jung2017a}}
+	\caption[Architecture of a single DRAM device]{Architecture of a single DRAM device \cite{jung2017a}}
 	\label{img:bank}
 \end{figure}
 
+Since a single \ac{dram} device has only a small width, for example in the case of x8 \ac{dram} a width of 8, several devices operate in lockstep mode to form the wider \textit{data bus} of the \textit{memory channel} \cite{jung2017a}.
+One kind of \ac{dram} subsystem places these sets of devices on a special \ac{pcb} called \ac{dimm}.
+A \ac{dimm} may also consist of several independent \textit{ranks}, which are complete sets of \ac{dram} devices connected to the same data bus, but accessed in an interleaved manner.
+
+Besides the data bus, the channel consists also of the \textit{command bus} and the \textit{address bus}.
+Over the command bus, the commands necessary to control memory are issued by the \textit{memory controller}, that sits in between the \ac{dram} and the \ac{mpsoc}.
+For example, to read data, the memory controller may first issue a \ac{pre} command to precharge the bitlines in a certain bank, followed by an \ac{act} command to load the contents of a row into the \acp{psa}, and finally a \ac{rd} command to move the data from the \acp{psa} to the \acp{ssa} where it can be exposed to the data bus.
+The row, column, bank and rank in question is determined by the address bus.
+
+% gibt dimms oder auch gddr
+% ODER auch hbm -> überleitung zu hbm
+
 \subsection{High Bandwidth Memory}
 \label{sec:hbm}
+
+% similar to ranks, pch ...
+

src/chapters/pim.tex

@@ -1,2 +1,28 @@
 \section{Processing-in-Memory}
 \label{sec:pim}
+
+Allgemeiner overview hier...
+wird seit 70ern diskutiert...
+durch DNNs neuer Aufwind...
+
+\subsection{Applicable Problems}
+\label{sec:pim_problems}
+
+hier matrixoperationen für dnns beschreiben
+memory-boundness
+BLAS kernel und so weiter...
+
+\subsection{PIM Architectures}
+\label{sec:pim_architectures}
+
+kurzer overview über die kategorien von PIM (paper vom lehrstuhl)
+
+\subsection{UPMEM}
+\label{sec:pim_upmem}
+
+\subsection{Newton AiM}
+\label{sec:pim_newton}
+
+\subsection{FIMDRAM/HBM-PIM}
+\label{sec:pim_fim}
+unterschiede zu hynix pim

src/doc.bib

@@ -142,6 +142,14 @@
   file = {/home/derek/Nextcloud/Verschiedenes/Zotero/storage/BNREUV34/Jacob et al. - 2008 - Memory systems Cache, DRAM, Disk.pdf}
 }
 
+@misc{jedec2021b,
+  title = {{{DDR5 SDRAM}}},
+  author = {{JEDEC}},
+  year = {2021},
+  month = oct,
+  file = {/home/derek/Nextcloud/Verschiedenes/Zotero/storage/JKBKSL9D/JESD79-5A_DDR5.pdf}
+}
+
 @inproceedings{jouppi2017,
   title = {In-{{Datacenter Performance Analysis}} of a {{Tensor Processing Unit}}},
   booktitle = {Proceedings of the 44th {{Annual International Symposium}} on {{Computer Architecture}}},

src/index.tex

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 \usepackage{fancyhdr}
 \usepackage{subfig}
 \usepackage{url}
-\usepackage{hyperref}
+\usepackage[hidelinks]{hyperref}
 \usepackage{acro}
 \usepackage{lipsum}
 \usepackage{siunitx}